Nurul Hajar, Embong and Noor, Hindryawati and Prakash, Bhuyar and Govindan, Natanamurugaraj and Mohd Hasbi, Ab Rahim and Gaanty Pragas, Maniam (2021) Enhanced biodiesel production via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using rice husk ash (NiSO4)/SiO2 catalyst. Applied Nanoscience, 11 (6). pp. 1-9. ISSN 2190-5509 (Print); 2190-5517 (Online). (Published)
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Abstract
Waste or low-cost feedstock utilization for preparing renewable energy is a noble effort towards a greener environment. In this work, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is usually transacted at a concession rate versus crude palm oil, is esterified to methyl esters. Conventional catalysts are not feasible in the process since PFAD consists of a significant amount of free fatty acids. As such, nickel sulfate supported on waste rice husk ash is utilized to catalyse the reaction under moderate reaction conditions of 15 wt.% catalyst, 5:1 methanol: PFAD (molar ratio) for 7 h, that produces 93% of methyl esters. The prepared catalyst was characterized for thermal stability (TGA), acid strength, surface analysis and compositional analysis via XPS, XRD and FTIR. The esterification of PFAD with NiSO4/SiO2 under the optimized reaction conditions of 15 wt.% catalyst, 5:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 h reaction time gave the highest methyl esters conversion of 93%. The utilization of low-cost feedstock and waste utilization in catalyst preparation readily implies merits in term of environmental gains and lower cost biodiesel preparation
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Palm fatty acid distillate; Nickel sulfate; Rice husk ash; Esterification; Biodiesel |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry |
| Faculty/Division: | Faculty of Industrial Sciences And Technology Institute of Postgraduate Studies |
| Depositing User: | Dr. Gaanty Pragas Maniam |
| Date Deposited: | 12 May 2022 03:33 |
| Last Modified: | 12 May 2022 03:33 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34021 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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