Gaanty Pragas, Maniam and Boey, Peng Lim and Shangeetha, Ganesan and Melati, Khairuddean (2012) Sequential Conversion of High Free Fatty Acid Oils Into Biodiesel Using a New Catalyst System. Energy, 46 (Issue ). pp. 132-139. ISSN 0360-5442 (Print), 1873-6785 (Online). (Published)
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Abstract
A sequential esterification and transesterification method was used successfully to convert high free fatty acid oil into biodiesel with almost 100% conversion. The esterification system was catalysed by ferricalginate beads (0.16:1 ferric-alginate beads to lauric acid mass ratio, 15:1 methanol to lauric acid molar ratio, methanol refluxing temperature (65 C), reaction time of 3 h) and transesterification was catalysed by boiler ash-calcium oxide mix (3 wt.% boiler ash, calcium oxide according to the stoichiometric amount of water produced in esterification, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, methanol refluxing temperature (65 C), reaction time of 0.5 h). Calcium oxide played a dual role to absorb the water produced by the esterification of free fatty acid and also as an active species for transesterification of triglycerides. This method was effectively used to convert palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel with 100% conversion.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Esterification; Transesterification; Ferric-alginate beads; Boiler ash-calcium oxide; Palm fatty acid distillate |
| Subjects: | Q Science > Q Science (General) |
| Faculty/Division: | Faculty of Industrial Sciences And Technology Unspecified |
| Depositing User: | Dr. Gaanty Pragas Maniam |
| Date Deposited: | 25 Sep 2013 04:20 |
| Last Modified: | 15 Sep 2017 02:31 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4086 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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