Photocatalytic performance of acid exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the degradation of dye under direct sunlight

Solayman, H. M. and Noor Yahida, Yahya and Leong, Kah Hon and Hossain, Md. Kamal and Kang, Kang and Sim, Lan Ching and Zoh, Kyung-Duk and Khan, Md. Badiuzzaman and Azrina, Abd Aziz (2024) Photocatalytic performance of acid exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the degradation of dye under direct sunlight. FlatChem, 48 (100762). pp. 1-12. ISSN 2452-2627. (Published)

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Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the most promising semiconductor materials applied in photocatalytic applications. However, the photocatalytic performance of bulk g-C3N4 was not satisfactory due to poor visible-light absorption, quick recombination, and low amount of active interfacial reaction sites. In this study, we have modified the bulk g-C3N4 by acid (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) exfoliation to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye. Sulfuric acid-treated g-C3N4 photocatalyst (CN-S) presented significant photocatalytic degradation toward both MO and MB compared to the pristine g-C3N4. The photocatalytic degradation performance for CN-S is found to be ∼ 96.89 % for MO and ∼ 93.12 % for MB under 150 min under direct sunlight irradiation. Free radical scavenging tests showed the superoxide radicals (•O2−) were mostly responsible to the photodegradation of dyes while comparing to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and photo-induced holes (h+). Which is attributed by Photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved PL emission spectra indicated a low electron-hole pair’s (e−/h+) recombination and longer charge-carrier lifetime. Moreover, the CN-S showed excellent recyclability for up to 5 runs with a slight reduction of degradation performance from 96.89 to 90.55 % for MO and 93.12 % to 88.84 % for MB dye, respectively. Ultimately, the results demonstrated that CN-S was a superb photocatalyst for the elimination and deterioration of MB and MO dyes from wastewater.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	Indexed by Scopus
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Acid exfoliation; Dye degradation; g-C3N4; Photocatalysis; Surface modification
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Faculty/Division:	Centre for Advanced Intelligent Materials Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
Depositing User:	Mrs Norsaini Abdul Samat
Date Deposited:	20 Nov 2024 04:25
Last Modified:	20 Nov 2024 04:25
URI:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42949
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