Nurul Asmawati, Roslan and Mohammad Haniff, Che Hasnan and Norhayati, Abdullah and Syamsul Bahari, Abdullah and Sumaiya, Zainal Abidin (2016) A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (2). pp. 182-191. ISSN 1978-2993. (Published)
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Abstract
The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Biodiesel; Free Fatty Acids; Acidified Oil; Esterification; Ionic Liquid |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Faculty/Division: | Centre of Excellence: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Noorul Farina Arifin |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Mar 2017 06:15 |
| Last Modified: | 15 Dec 2017 06:48 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17154 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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