Farah Hafidzah, Ahmad and Nurhamizah, Ibrahim and Mohd Sabri, Mahmud and Ali, Waleed and Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah and Suriyati, Saleh and Said, Nurdin (2021) Microwave irradiation optimization for efficient lignin removal from cocoa shell waste using alkali. IIUM Engineering Journal, 22 (2). 21 -30. ISSN 1511-788X. (Published)
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Abstract
This paper reports a study to determine the optimum conditions of microwave in assisting alkali treatment for removing lignin from cocoa shell waste (CSW). The CSW was mixed with 5% of NaOH solution at the ratio of 1: 10 of weight to volume of the alkaline before being irradiated in a microwave oven. Various microwave powers (200-400 W), temperature settings (60-80 °C) and irradiation times (10-20 min) were tested on 15 samples set by the Box-Behnken design. The lignin removal was analysed using a 72 % sulfuric acid treatment method. A quadratic equation was employed to the response surface and statistical analysis conducted to confirm the adequacy of the model. The plots show that the optimum microwave conditions are 400 W, 76 °C and 19 min, which were capable to remove 86.57% of lignin. Thermogravimetric analysis and micrographs revealed different decomposition temperature of lignin and morphology of extensively-pored surface of treated CSW, respectively.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Indexed by Scopus |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Cocoa shell waste; Microwave assisted; Alkali treatment; Lignin removal; Response surface methodology |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Faculty/Division: | Institute of Postgraduate Studies College of Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology |
| Depositing User: | Mrs Norsaini Abdul Samat |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Nov 2021 07:58 |
| Last Modified: | 09 Nov 2021 07:58 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/32483 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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