Muhammad Auni, Mauliduni and Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz and Nur Amira Fatihah, Bashari and Mohd Azmir, Arifin and Nedumaran, Navinash and Khairuddin, Md Isa and Umi Fazara, Md Ali (2023) The grease formulation using waste substances from palm oil refinery and other industrial wastes : A review. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology (JST), 31 (5). pp. 2505-2529. ISSN 0128-7680. (Published)
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Abstract
Many applications use Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) despite being considered hazardous waste from the palm oil refinery process. Its production increases yearly, similar to waste cooking oil (WCO). The SBE is known as a thickener in grease formulation. The same goes for red gypsum, waste motor oil, stearic acid, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate. They are all considered thickeners but have different durability in protecting base oil in grease. Then, previous studies revealed their performances with side effects detection against the environment and human bodies. Cooking oil is a heat transfer medium for serving foods with higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of fatty acids might change after cooking oil consumption and become highly demanded due to the chemical properties of density, viscosity and fatty acids. Nowadays, people lack awareness of the importance of recycling palm oil waste. They intend to dispose of it instead of recycling it for sustainable energy resources. Therefore, this paper will discuss the grease formulation, contaminant available in WCO, its treatment, issues regarding different thickener consumption, treatment against Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), and propose the safe thickener and additives for future intakes. This study found that adding Fume Silica (F.S.) as a thickener and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) enhanced the grease stability. Further treatment against SBE (remove residue oil) and WCO (metal elements, undesired impurities and water content) is necessary for providing good quality formulated grease.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Indexed by Scopus |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Grease formulation; Spent bleaching earth; Waste cooking oil |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Faculty/Division: | Institute of Postgraduate Studies College of Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology |
| Depositing User: | Noorul Farina Arifin |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Oct 2023 04:04 |
| Last Modified: | 10 Jan 2024 04:26 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/35965 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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