Ernawan, Ferda and Ariatmanto, Dhani (2023) An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82 (6). pp. 8603-8621. ISSN 1380-7501. (Published)
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Abstract
The imperceptibility and robustness properties of the watermarked image are the major requirements for maintaining the watermarked image similar to the original image and keeping the inserted watermark resistant under various attacks. In order to optimize the scaling factor for balancing between imperceptibility and robustness, this paper proposed a technique to generate scaling factors by considering the image content. The scaling factor is generated based on selected DCT coefficients of 4 × 4 DCT. The proposed watermarking can generate dynamic scaling factors for different DCT coefficients. The embedding regions are determined by using variance pixels, whereby the highest variance pixel was prioritised for the first embedding watermark. The watermark image pixels were scrambled by using an Arnold cat map before the watermark was embedded. This research uses 10 images from USC-SIPI image database to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the invisibility of the watermarked image with PSNR value of 45.38 dB rather than other watermarking schemes. The proposed watermarking showed superior performance against different types of attack.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Indexed by Scopus |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Adaptive scaling factor; Discrete cosine transform; Embedding watermark; Extracting watermark; Image watermarking; Imperceptibility; Robustness |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA76 Computer software T Technology > T Technology (General) T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) |
| Faculty/Division: | Faculty of Computing |
| Depositing User: | Mr Muhamad Firdaus Janih@Jaini |
| Date Deposited: | 28 May 2024 07:58 |
| Last Modified: | 28 May 2024 07:58 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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