Khan, Maksudur R. and Huei, Ruey Ong and Yousuf, Abu and Chowdhury, M. N. K. and Cheng, C. K. (2014) Synthesis and Characterization of CuO/C Catalyst for the Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Rubber Seed Oil. Fuel, 120. pp. 195-201. ISSN 0016-2361, ESSN: 1873-7153. (Published)
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Abstract
Plant oils or animal fats that contain high free fatty acid (FFA) are not preferred for base catalyzed biodiesel production. Pre-esterification is widely used to reduce the FFA content of the oil for avoiding saponification and associated purification cost. In the present study, carbon supported copper oxide (CuO/C) catalyst was prepared for the esterification of FFA in the rubber seed oil (RSO) which was extracted from the fresh seed by soxhlet extractor using hexane as a solvent. Copper nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel method and the nanoparticles were impregnated into the pore network of the carbon support. The copper impregnated activated carbon powder was calcined at 400 °C in a furnace for 6 h, leading to the formation of CuO/C. The catalyst was characterized by using Brunauer Emmett Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, Hammett indicator method was used to determine the acidity of the catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, methanol/FFA molar ratio, catalyst concentration on the FFA conversion were also studied. Based on the experimental results, methanol to FFA ratio of 10:1, catalyst dose 8 wt%, reaction time of 6 h and temperature 65 °C were found as the optimum for the esterification reaction. Therefore, the developed catalyst could be effectively used for the esterification of FFA in plant oil.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Indexed in Scopus |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Copper sol; Biodiesel; Esterification; Free fatty acids; Rubber seed oil |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Faculty/Division: | Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Noorul Farina Arifin |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Feb 2014 08:21 |
| Last Modified: | 11 Jan 2018 04:07 |
| URI: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/4234 |
| Download Statistic: | View Download Statistics |
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